Zur Rolle der Logik bei Hegel

Was ist Logik?

Es geht um die Beziehung zwischen Form und Materie. In diesem Sinne verbleibt die Logik Metatheorie soll aber zugleich nicht ihren Bezug zur Realität verlieren. (see http://www.thur.de/philo/hegel/hegel35.htm)

- Form-Materie-Metatheorie (logischer Hylemorphismus)

Voraussetzung des logischen Standpunkts:

Das heißt, dass Hegels Theorie nicht ohne die Erkenntnisse der vorangegangen Debatte des Idealismus geht. Hierbei geht es darum, weder die subjektive Seite noch die objektive Seite der Erkenntnis zu vernachlässigen und beide eindeutig aufeinander zu beziehen. (see https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wissenschaft_der_Logik)

- subjektiv-objektiver Standpunkt, Dualismuswende, Holismus

Logik und Metaphysik sollen vollständig vereint sein und eine neue Begründung des Denkens liefern:

„Das Reich des Gedankens philosophisch, d.i. in seiner eigenen immanenten Tätigkeit oder, was dasselbe ist, in seiner notwendigen Entwicklung darzustellen [...]“ (HW 5: 19).

- Kartographie  einer determinierten Denklandschaft 

Problematisch für mich: Die logischen Bestimmungen gelten als ontologisch relevant, das heißt sie sind real und nicht nur formallogische Kategorien wie bei Kant. Warum ist das der Fall?


Weiterlesen: http://www.thur.de/philo/hegel/hegel35.htm 


Subjektivität und der Begriff

Für Hegel hat der Begriff fundamentale Ähnlichkeit zum Ich. Auch das Ich ist eine Selbstbeziehung, die nicht unmittelbar stattfindet.

Fragen, die ich mir stelle: Was ist das Ich? Was ist Freiheit? Was ist Seele? Woher weiß ich, was die Seele ist? Gibt es ein Leben nach dem Tod? Was bedeutet es, wenn ich darauf keine Antwort finden kann? Ist das Existentialismus?

The Great Divide: Analytic and Continental Philosophy

What is specific about the divide?

Considerable sources:

• A good summary: https://philosophynow.org/issues/74/Analytic_versus_Continental_Philosophy

Content

Is the divide only stylistic?

In A House Divided, C.G. Prado begins to point out the difference between Continental and Analytic Philosophy with respect to methodology. He says:

“The heart of the analytic/Continental opposition is most evident in methodology, that is, in a focus on analysis or on synthesis. Analytic philosophers typically try to solve fairly delineated philosophical problems by reducing them to their parts and to the relations in which these parts stand. Continental philosophers typically address large questions in a synthetic or integrative way, and consider particular issues to be ‘parts of the larger unities’ and as properly understood and dealt with only when fitted into those unities.” (p.10.) (Source has to be controlled)

Given this interpretation Analytic Philosophy goes down the path to atomism, while Continental Philosophy is interested in the broader structure, and is thus more interested in systems.

This oversimplification, however, might not hold true anymore.

A sketch of the divide

1. Kant distinguishes Noumenon and Phenomenon
2. Hegel: objects to the division between known and knower

Foucault, nevertheless, describes Hegel here as a totalizer:

"Well, perhaps one could say this: philosophy from Hegel to Sartre has essentially been a totalizing enterprise, if not of the world or of knowledge [savoir], at least of human experience." according Thomas, F. (2010) Sartre, Foucault, and Historical Reason, Volume Two: A Poststructuralist Mapping of History. University of Chicago Press, p. 18)

Systematicity, Theses and Introduction

Thesis:

1. Systematicity is not yet worked out as a concept in Analytic Philosophy. 
2. Systematicity is rejected by Analytic Philosophy
3. Systematicity is rejected by Analytic Philosophy, because Analytic Philosophy does not pursue a Holism, but believes in the independent existence of facts.

Is the divide only stylistic?

 A House Divided, C.G. Prado begins with their difference in methodology. He says:

“The heart of the analytic/Continental opposition is most evident in methodology, that is, in a focus on analysis or on synthesis. Analytic philosophers typically try to solve fairly delineated philosophical problems by reducing them to their parts and to the relations in which these parts stand. Continental philosophers typically address large questions in a synthetic or integrative way, and consider particular issues to be ‘parts of the larger unities’ and as properly understood and dealt with only when fitted into those unities.” (p.10.) (Source has to be controlled)

Given this interpretation Analytic Philosophy goes down the path to atomism, while Continental Philosophy is interested in the broader structure, and is thus more interested in systems.

This oversimplification might not hold true anymore.

A short sketch here:

"While Hegel had reacted to Kant’s two-tiered epistemic reality, others now reacted against Kant’s synthetic a priori. G.E. Moore led the attack in Cambridge, rapidly convincing his colleague Bertrand Russell. Moore insisted on the importance of analysing concepts; Russell, who was a philosopher of mathematics, developed a reductionist approach to knowledge called logical atomism and a general focus on particular logical problems in opposition? to any sort of totalizing enterprise, both of which things led him away from the Hegelians. Meanwhile, Ernst Mach, a leading physicist and philosopher, saw Kant’s joining of metaphysics and epistemology as hazardous to science, and even referred to Kant’s epistemology as ‘monstrous.’ A group of philosophers in Vienna eventually gathered around the philosopher Moritz Schlick, with the intention of furthering Mach’s philosophy. They first called themselves the ‘Ernst Mach Society’ but eventually became known as the Vienna Circle. Among the many goals of this circle of philosophers, were the eradication of metaphysics (Carnap), reclaiming the supremacy of logic in philosophy (Gödel), linguistic conventionalism (Waismann), and also the debunking of Kant’s ‘synthetic a priori’. Those in the Vienna Circle instead made the Humean distinction between a priori (non-observable) and a posteriori (dependent on observation) truths; and they said that the only truths are either tautological (true by definition) or empirical (verified by observation)."


Sources:
https://books.google.com/books?id=mk8oSTk78oQC&dq=systematicity+analytic+philosophy&hl=de&source=gbs_navlinks_s


This article gives a good historical summary on the Continental, Analytic divide:

https://philosophynow.org/issues/74/Analytic_versus_Continental_Philosophy

Thesis: The divide between Continental and Analytic Philosophy is heavily influenced by the question of systematicity.

University Rankings in Philosophy?

http://www.utimes.pitt.edu/?p=3713

Sources and Thougths on Realism, Cogntive Realism (Rescher)

Some sources on realism

• Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy: http://www.iep.utm.edu/perc-obj/
• The Stanford Encyclopedia should always be considered: http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/realism/#2
• A publication in nature that compares the results from Quantum Physics with concepts of Realism (http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v446/n7138/abs/nature05677.html)

Cognitive Realism: 

Rescher a chapter on Cognitive Realism inl: https://books.google.com/books?id=-yS-NblGv1IC&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22cognitive+realism%22&hl=de&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwimvK_0y-7OAhUKziYKHX_OC7g4FBDoAQhUMAg#v=onepage&q=%22cognitive%20realism%22&f=false

Zur Horizonterweiterung nötig: Einleitung Quantenmechanik, Edward Witten, Wolfram

http://www.sns.ias.edu/ckfinder/userfiles/files/mmm(3).pdf

Webpage von Edward Witten: http://www.sns.ias.edu/witten

Wolfram
http://www.wolframscience.com/nksonline/page-1

http://blog.stephenwolfram.com/2016/02/black-hole-tech/

Hegel System, zum dreifachen Schluss, berühmte Kritiker

Zum Dreifachen Schluss

• Zum aktuellen Forschungsstand: http://www.georg-werckmeister.de/downloads/zum-forschungsstand.pdf
• Alle wesentlichen Theorien zum dreifachen Schluss: http://www.hegel-system.de/de/v1333etabliert-werckmeister.htm
• Erläuterung der Differenzierung des Begriffs und seine Zurücksetzung in die Identität: http://www.hegel-system.de/de/v1333-werckmeister.htm

Further Sources:

• Hegel's berühmte Kritiker:  https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/hegel/li_other.htm
• Zu Peirce und Hegel, Zeichen und Schluss: http://phaidon.philo.at/asp/puh.htm
• Grier, P. (2012) Identity and Difference: Studies in Hegel's Logic, Philosophy of Spirit, and Politics. Suny Press. https://books.google.com/books?id=JvbBclTelIoC&dq=%22everything+rational+shows+itself+to+be%22&hl=de&source=gbs_navlinks_s